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“Digital
Signal Processing” No. 1-2022 |
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The algorithm for on-board compression of spaceborne SAR raw data
S.I. Gusev, V.V. Eremeev, V.A. Ushenkin, A.N. Cherny, e-mail: foton@rsreu.ru
Keywords: SAR, raw data, SAR image, compression, block adaptive quantization, satellite.
Abstract
The paper proposes a new algorithm for the compression of SAR raw data based on block adaptive quantization and entropy coding and characterized by low computational complexity, which makes it possible to use it on board of satellites. A distinctive feature of the algorithm is the optimal choice of quantization thresholds, due to which the maximum signal to quantization noise ratio is achieved on a radar image synthesized from a compressed raw data for a given compression ratio determined by the average pixel code length. The algorithm for calculating the optimal values of the quantization thresholds is proposed. The loss of the compression by the proposed algorithm has been estimated theoretically and experimentally in comparison with the known algorithms.
According to the results of experimental studies, the proposed quantizer for a fixed average code length provides the least loss in the radar image (the highest quantization signal-to-noise ratio). Compared to the Lloyd-Max quantizer, the gain in signal-to-noise ratio for a fixed average code length is from 0.5 to 0.9 dB, and compared to a uniform quantizer, from 0.1 to 0.3 dB.
Thus, experimental studies have shown that due to the deviation of the real distribution law of the values of the components of the complex signal of the radio hologram block from the ideal case, the real gain from the use of the proposed quantizer is about 2 times lower than theoretically predicted. Nevertheless, its use allows reducing the loss for a fixed compression ratio by approximately 1–3% compared to the uniform quantizer used in the FDBAQ algorithm.
References
1. Egoshkin N.A., Eremeev V.V., Moskvitin A.E., Ushenkin V.A. Obrabotka informacii ot sovremennyh kosmicheskih sistem radiolokacionnogo nabludenia Zemli. (Processing of information from modern space systems of radar observation of the Earth) – Moscow: FIZMATLIT, 2019. 320 p. + 32 p. col. ins.
2. Ushenkin V.A. Matematicheskaya model’ sinteza radiolokacionnyh izobrazheniy decimetrovogo razresheniya iz radiogologramm ot kosmicheskih RSA (Decimeter-resolution spaceborne SAR raw data focusing model) // Digital signal processing, 2018, no. 3, pp. 21–25.
3. Benz U., Strodl K., Moreira A. A Comparison of Several Algorithms for SAR Raw Data Compression // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1995, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 1266–1276.
4. Kuduvalli G., Dutkiewicz M., Cumming I. Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Data Compression Using Block Adaptive Quantization // 1994 Science Information Management and Data Compression Workshop, 1994, pp. 43–57.
5. Attema E., Cafforio C., Gottwald M. et al. Flexible Dynamic Block Adaptive Quantization for Sentinel-1 SAR Missions // IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2010, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 766–770.
Comparative analysis of applicability of polarimetric decompositions of im-ages from space radar observing systems in the problem of forest cover monitoring
V.A. Ushenkin,
A.V. Solovyev, e-mail: foton@rsreu.ru
Keywords: polarimetric decomposition, SAR image processing, high-altitude vegetation detection.
Abstract
The analysis of the most common polarimetric decompositions is carried out for their applicability in the problem of monitoring the forest cover of the earth's surface. Methods for assessing the applicability of the polarimetric decomposition in the set tasks are considered. Examples of analysis of the presence of high-altitude vegetation on a radar image using various polarimetric decompositions are given.
Polarimetric decompositions of Pauli, Krogager, van Zijl, Freeman-Durden, Huygen, Barnes-Holm in two versions, the dominant scattering mechanism according to Claude-Potier and H-A-Alpha are considered. The analysis of the obtained results is carried out. The probabilities of correct and incorrect detection of forest cover are calculated.
The results of the analysis showed that the Freeman-Durden and H-A-Alpha decompositions are the most applicable for the problem of monitoring the forest cover of the earth's surface. The research shows a high probability of forest cover detecting. In the future, it is expedient to conduct research on the involvement of additional features in order to reduce the probability of false detection of forest cover according to the data of polarimetric decompositions of radar images.
References
1. Egoshkin N.A., Eremeev V.V., Moskvitin A.E., Ushenkin V.A. Obrabotka informacii ot sovremennykh kosmicheskih system ðradiolokacionnogo nabludenia Zemli. (Processing of information from modern space systems of radar observation of the Earth) – Moscow: FIZMATLIT, 2019.
2. Sovremennye technologii obrabotki dannykh distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli (Modern technologies for processing Earth remote sensing data) / Edited by V.V. Eremeev. – Moscow: FIZMATLIT, 2019.
3. Holm, W. A., Barnes R.M. On radar polarization mixed target state decomposition techniques // Proceedings 1988 USA National Radar Conference, 1988. P. 249-254.
4. Van Zyl, J. J. Application of Cloude’s target decomposition theorem to polarimetric imaging radar data // Proceedings SPIE conference of radar polarimetry, 1992. Vol 1748. P. 184-212.
5. Freeman A., Durden S.L. A three-component scattering model for polarimetric SAR data // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1998. Vol. 36 (3). P. 936-973
6. Krogager E. A new decomposition of the radar target scattering matrix // Electronics Letter. 1990. Vol. 26 (18). P. 1525–1526.
7. Solovyev A.V., Ushenkin V.A. Analiz prigodnosti polarimetricheskih dekompozicviy kosmicheskih radiolokacionnyh izobrazheniy dlya obnaruzheniya visotnoy rastitel’nosti (Analysis of the suitability of polarimetric decomposition of space radar images for the detection of high-attitude vegetation) // Proceeding of the IV International Scientific and Technical Forum: in 10 volumes. Vol. 6. – Ryazan: Book Jet, 2021. – P. 5-10.
Influence of hindrances on algorithms processings of the signal of differential frequency short-range frequency range finder
I.V. Baranov, e-mail: skb@kontakt-1.ru
V.V.Ezersky, e-mail: ezerski@yandex.ru
Open Company Enterprise "KONTAKT-1”
Keywords: frequency range finder, algorithms of processing, measurement error, sensitivity to hindrances.
Abstract
Assessment of influence of hindrances on two algorithms of processing of the signal of differential frequency (SDF) in a time domain is executed.
The algorithm 1 consists in accumulation during an interval of frequency modulation of the counting of weight function calculated in points of provision of zero SDF (points in which SDF crosses zero level). After the end of accumulation calculation of the measured distance by multiplication of the saved-up sum by the size of a discrete error of frequency range finder is made. Weight function is the middle of an interval of frequency modulation symmetric relatively with a maximum in the center and smooth falling off to zero in extreme points of this interval.
The algorithm 2 is intended for the accounting of nonlinearity of the modulation characteristic of the transmitter and based on polynomial approximation of dependence on time of frequency of the radiated signal. Such approximation allows to work out necessary quantity of the linear equations of rather unknown coefficients of the approximating expression, the radiated frequency corresponding to situation on an axis of time of the first zero SDF and size of reorganization of frequency of the radiated signal upon transition from one zero to next. Two additional equations are worked out by a task of two known frequencies in the range of modulation and definition of the moments of coincidence of the radiated frequency to one of set. On this system of the linear equations the size of reorganization of the radiated frequency is calculated upon transition from one zero to another, next. Knowledge of this shift allows to calculate the measured distance.
Assessment of a methodical error in ideal conditions is executed. For the first algorithm this size is given in literature. For the second algorithm assessment is executed about the help of numerical calculation of the measured distance with the given formulas. At both algorithms the methodical error is negligible.
Existence of a hindrance causes the shift of zero SDF from their exact value and respectively to an additional error of measurement of distance. At rather small size of a hindrance in relation to useful SDF it is possible to receive formulas for the size of shift of each zero SDF under the influence of a hindrance. These formulas allow to receive for the first algorithm analytical expression for an additional error. For the second algorithm the additional error was estimated by means of numerical calculations for the given formulas.
It is as a result received that use of the first algorithm in the conditions of influence of a hindrance leads to emergence of virtual hindrances on local distances, smaller distances to the disturbing reflector. At the second algorithm in the presence of a hindrance uniform increase in level of an error at any distances is observed
Algorithms were compared to the help of numerical modeling.
Practical recommendations about application of the specified algorithms are formulated.
References
1. Vinitski A.S. Ocherk osnov radiolokacii pri neprerivnom izluchenii radiovoln (Sketch of bases of a radar-location at the continuous radiation of radio waves) - M.: Sovetskoe radio, 1961. - 495 p.
2. Muhammed Abd-Vahab Ismail. Radiolokacionnii visotomer s dvoinoi chastotnoi modulaciei (The radar altimeter with double frequency modulation). - M.: Izd-vo inostrannoi literaturi, 1957. – 135 p.
3. Fundamentals of Short-Range FM Radar / I.V. Komarov, S.M. Smolskiy - Artech House Publishers; Norwood, MA. 2003. - 289 p.
4. Precision FMCW Short-Rang Radar for Industrial Applications / B.A. Atayants, V.M. Davydochkin, V.V. Ezerski, V.S. Parshin, S.M. Smolskiy - Artech House publishers; Norwood, MA. 2014. – 320 p.
5. Ezerski V.V. Metodicheskaja pogreshnost datchika rasstojania na baze chastotno-modulirovannogo dalnomera s vesovim sglagivaniem oshibki diskretnosti (Methodical error of the sensor of distance on the basis of a frequency-modulated range finder with weight smoothing of an error of discretization) // Izmeritelnaja tehnika. 2003. ¹ 9. P. 22-25.
6. Baranov I.V., Ezerski V.V. Optimizacia parametrov moduliacii v blignei chastotnoi radiolokacii pri vesovom usrednenii raznostnoi chastoti (Optimization of parameters of modulation in a near frequency radar-location at weight averaging of differential frequency) // Vestnik Pazanskogo gosudarstvennogo radiotehnicheskogo universiteta. 2009. ¹ 28. P. 30-37.
7. Atayants B.A., Ezerski V.V., Shahtarin B.I.,Smolskiy S.M. Problema shumov i nelineinost moduliacionnoi harakteristiki peredatchika v precizionnih promishlennih sistemah blignei chastotnoi radioloracii (Problem of noise and nonlinearity of the modulation characteristic of the transmitter in precision industrial systems of a near frequency radar-location) // Uspehi sovremennoi radioelektroniki, 2008, ¹ 3. P. 3-29.
8. Patent 2234108 Rosiiskoi Federacii, G01 S 13/34. Sposob izmerenia rasstojania (varianti ) (Way of measurement of distance (options) ) / B.A. Atayants, V.V. Ezerski, I.V. Baranov, V.A. Bolonin, V.M. Davidochkin, V.A. Pronin.
9. Baranov I.V., V.V. Ezerski. Vlijanie pomeh na pogreshnost izmerenia rasstoiania v chastotnom dalnomere promishlennogo primenenia (Influence of hindrances on an error of measurement of distance in a frequency range finder of industrial application) // Vestnik Pazanskogo gosudarstvennogo radiotehnicheskogo universiteta. 2011. ¹ 37. P. 34-40.
10. Otechestvennie radiolokacionnie i volnovodnie urovnemeri s chastotnoi moduliaciei. Promishlennoe primenenie. Monografia (Domestic radar and waveguide level gages with frequency modulation. Industrial application. Monograph) B.A. Atayants, L.S. Atayants, I.V. Baranov, M.B. Bronin, V.M. Davidochkin, U.V. Mazalov, S.V. Maiorov, D.J. Nagorni, V.S. Parshin, V.A. Pronin, Pod. Red. B.A. Atayants - Ryazan: GUP RO «Ryazanskaia oblastnaia tipografia» 2021. – 388 p.
Multi-criteria synthesis of direct-sequence spread spectrum radio signals for communication systems adaptation to narrow-band and structural interfer-ences
A.A. Lisnichuk, e-mail: A.A.Lisnichuk@gmail.com
The Ryazan State Radio Engineering University (RSREU), Russia, Ryazan
Keywords: synthesis of radio signal, radio communication system, multi-criteria optimization, increase of noise immunity, DSSS radio signal.
Abstract
Problem statement: as a result of frequency range congestion, a complex of interferences is acting on radio communication systems, among which narrow-band and structural ones occupy a special place: narrow-band interference - due to the high probability of unintentional occurrence (or simplicity of generation) and effective influence on the suppressed radio line; structural influence - due to the correlation in some parameters with the useful radio signal at the same frequency-time ranges. A trivial solution for this problem is to change the frequency range, for example, using cognitive radio systems. However, the use of such systems is not always advisable in practice. Since, on the one hand, there may be no free parts of spectrum at the current time, and on the other hand, this approach is extensive, leading to a decrease in the overall efficiency of using frequency resource (in the presence of interference).
Purpose: development and analysis of the realizable characteristics of multi-criteria synthesis of direct-sequence spread spectrum radio signals for communication systems adaptation to combination of additive "white" Gaussian noise (AWGN), structural and narrow-band interferences.
Results: in comparison with the known signals, the synthesized ones increase interference immunity up to 9 dB (in term signal-to-interference ratio) under action of AWGN, structural and narrow-band interference while maintaining the noise immunity threshold at the level of QPSK signal at action of only AWGN.
Practical relevance: the results obtained indicate the advisability of using a class of synthesized direct-sequence spread spectrum radio signals to ensure effective adaptation of communication systems (without changing the spectral range) to the action of AWGN, structural and narrow-band interferences.
References
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6. Lisnichuk A.A., “Multi-criteria synthesis procedure of DSSS signals for cognitive ra-dio systems adaptation to complex interference environment,” Vestnik RGRTU, No. 66-1, 2018, pp. 9-15. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21667/1995-4565-2018-66-4-1-9-15
7. Lisnichuk A.A., Kirillov S.N., “Analysis of cognitive radio systems characteristics adapting to narrow-band interference effect based on synthesized four-position radio signals,” Vestnik RGRTU, No. 66-1, 2018, pp. 3-8. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.21667/1995-4565-2018-66-4-1-3-8
8. Kirillov S.N., Lisnichuk A.A., “The multi-criteria synthesis of signal-code sequence based on dependent signals to adapt data communication radio system to narrow-band interfer-ence,” Vestnik RGRTU, No. 4, 2017, pp. 3-12. (In Russ.).
9. Kirillov S. N., Pokrovskij P. S., Lisnichuk A. A., “The multi-criteria synthesis of four-position radio signal by code sequence ensemble for adapt data communication radio system to structural interference,” Radiotehnika. 2016. no 8. pp. 117-124. (In Russian).
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11. S. N. Kirillov, A. A. Lisnichuk, “Multi-criteria signal synthesis procedure for adapt-ing cognitive radio systems to the influence of interfering factors in the Arctic,” IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 302, No. 1, p. 012059. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/302/1/012059
Underwater wireless optical real-time video transmission in turbid water
Dmitriev V.T., e-mail: vol77@rambler.ru
Aronov L.V., e-mail: aronov.l.v@rsreu.ru
The Ryazan State Radio Engineering University (RSREU), Russia, Ryazan
Keywords: underwater optical wireless communication channel, optical wireless communication, free space op-tic, underwater communication, optical communication line.
Abstract
In the interests of controlling autonomous underwater uninhabited vehicles, it is proposed to use an underwater wireless optical data transmission channel as a channel for transmitting video images from on-board cameras. The technical basis of such channels is the FSO (Free Space Optic) technology adapted for use in the underwater environment. A mathematical model of an underwater wireless optical data transmission channel with pulse code modulation on intensity is considered using the example of a photo-detector based on an S5973-02 photodiode with a sensitivity peak at a wavelength of 450 nm and an optical transmitter based on an NDB4116 blue laser diode with a radiation power of 100 mW. The problem of transmission of a video image of standard definition 720x480@15 through an optical channel in ocean water with different degrees of turbidity with chlorophyll concentrations of 0.03 and 0.3 mg/m3 has been studied. The study showed that in turbid waters such as "clear ocean" and "coastal waters", the data transmission range is reduced by 3 and 15 times, respectively, compared to the "transparent sea". It is shown that the use of Reed-Solomon codes in this channel makes it possible to increase the range of data transmission by 11.8-22.2%, depending on the water turbidity. As a result of the research, the optimal code rate value for the Reed-Solomon code in terms of distance gain was obtained for the current configuration of the optical receiver and optical transmitter. From the point of view of increasing the range, the correction code RS(7.1) has the highest efficiency in the considered case, providing a gain in range by 22.2%.
References
1. Kirillov S. Improved Quality Video Transmission by Optical Channel from Underwater Mobile Robots [Tekst] / S. Kirillov, V. Dmitriev, L. Aronov, P. Skonnikov, A. Baukov // Studies in Systems, De-cision and Control. Vol. 199, Springer, 2019. P. 227-239.
2. Kaushal H. Underwater optical wireless communication [Tekst] / H. Kaushal, G. Kaddoum // IEEE Access. Vol. 4, 2016. P. 1518-1547.
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4. Kirillov S.N. Propusknaya sposobnost' podvodnogo opticheskogo kanala peredachi infor-macii s kodoimpul'snoj modulyaciej po intensivnosti [Tekst] / S. N. Kirillov, L. V. Aronov // Vestnik RGRTU. 2020. ¹ 4 (74). S. 3-13. DOI: 10.21667/1995-4565-2020-74-3-13k.
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7. Kuznecov S. Sistema opticheskoj svyazi v podvodnoj srede [Tekst] / S. Kuznecov, B. Ognev, S. Polyakov // Pervaya milya . 2014. ¹ 2. S. 46-51.
8. Abd El–Naser A. Mohamed Underwater wireless optical communications for short range typical ocean water types [Tekst] / Abd El–Naser A. Mohamed, Hamdy A. Sharshar, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Enab Salah El-dien // Canadian journal on electrical and electronics engineering. 2012. No. 7. Vol. 3. P. 344-361.
9. Zolotarev V. V. Pomekhoustojchivoe kodirovanie. Metody i algoritmy: spravochnik / pod red. chl.-kor. RAN YU. B. Zubareva / V. V. Zolotarev, G. V. Ovechkin. M. : Goryachaya liniya-Telekom, 2004. 126 s.
10. Kirillov S.N. Algoritm ob"ektivnoj ocenki kachestva dekodirovannogo rechevogo signa-la na osnove izmeneniya spektral'noj dinamiki kriticheskih polos spektra / S.N. Kirillov, V.T. Dmitriev, YA.O. Kartavenko // Vestnik RGRTU, 2011. ¹3(37). S.3-7.
11. Kirillov S.N. Kompleksnyj algoritm ob"ektivnoj ocenki kachestva dekodirovannogo rechevogo signala pri dejstvii akusticheskih pomekh / S.N. Kirillov, V.T. Dmitriev // Trudy SPIIRAN 2018 ¹1. S. 34 -55.
Algebraic approach to the direction finding of objects in a multi-position re-ceiver system
V.K. Klochko: klochkovk@mail.ru
The Ryazan State Radio Engineering University (RSREU), Russia, Ryazan
Keywords: Radar, sonar, optical location, positioning system, object detection, estimates of coordinates and velocity vectors.
Abstract
Problem setting. The known passive and semi-active multi-position systems of objects detection and estimations of spatial coordinates and vectors of speeds are based on geometrical creation and high-precision measurement of signals delay time. They are designed to detect objects at long range lines. At the same time, the creation of tracking systems for potentially dangerous objects at short ranges in the interests of protecting recreation areas and private territories was currently relevant. It is also relevant to create digital signal processing systems with integration of different spectral ranges. In this regard, new methods for processing signals in direction finding systems are in demand, applicable both for different spectral ranges and for systems of different physical purposes.
The purpose of the work. To improve the efficiency of multi-position location systems for potentially hazardous objects for recreation areas and private areas by developing and researching a common approach applicable to multiple spectral bands in systems of different physical uses.
Results. The paper formulates a general algebraic approach to solving the problem of direction finding of objects in a multi-position receiver system. In receivers, angular coordinates of sources of reflection or radiation signals are measured, which are converted into coordinates of direction vectors orts to sources. Orts are distributed to objects by means of criterion of sufficient condition of vectors conjugation. Detection of objects is carried out on the basis of a statistical criterion. Estimates of objects position coordinates and velocity vectors are found from the solution of systems of linear equations in accordance with methods of estimation theory. Analysis of covariance evaluation matrices provides a recommendation for the spatial location of receivers, providing minimal estimation errors. Based on the general criterion of vectors conjugation, a more accurate mutual orientation of receiver coordinate systems is carried out. The work summarizes the previously obtained results and complements them with the results of experimental studies by computer modeling method. The results of the simulation compared to alternative approaches are presented. There is a plan to continue the work.
Practical significance. The results of the work can be used in radio engineering, hydro-acoustic, radiometric and optical objects tracking systems at short range. It is possible to use ultrasonic location in medical diagnostic systems and robot-technical systems.
References
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(in Russian)
2. Chernyak V.S. Multi-position radar. M.: Radio and communications, 1993. 416 p. (in Russian)
3. Lipsky Stephen E. Microwave passive direction finding. Raleigh, USA: SciTech Publishing, Inc., 2004. 320 p. (in English)
4. P. Nomikos, D. Economou, G. Limnaios and K.C. Zikidis, Presentation and feasibility study of passive radars // Air Force Rev Mag (in Greek), 107, (2016). P. 86–103. (in English)
5. Klochko V.K., Gudkov S. M., Nguyen C.H. Estimation of objects spatial coordinates in thermal and radio vision systems // Bulletin of Ryazan State Radio and Technical University. 2018. ¹ 1. P. 27 - 33, DOI: 10.21667/1995-4565-2018-63-1-27-33. (in Russian)
6. Klochko V.K., Gudkov S. M., Nguyen C. H. Comparative analysis of methods for estimatingthe coordinates of objects in a passive radio vision system // Bulletin of the Ryazan Public Radio Engineering University. 2018. ¹ 2. S. 23 - 28, DOI: 10.21667/1995-4565-2018-64-2-23-28. (in Russian)
7. Klochko V.K., Gudkov S. M., Nguyen C. H. Analysis of errors in the transfer of coordinates of objects in the system of combined receivers // Bulletin of Ryazan State Radio Engineering University. 2019. ¹ 69. S. 33 - 41, DOI: 10.21667/1995-4565-2019-69-33-41. (in Russian)
8. Klochko V.K. Direction finding of moving objects of the multi-position Doppler system theme // Radio engineering. 2020. T. 84, NO. 11 (21). P. 5 - 12, DOI: 10.18127/j00338486-202011(21)-01. (in Russian)
9. Ohrimenko A.G. Varianty resheniya zadachi otozhdestvleniya pelengov v passivnyh mno-gopozicionnyh uglomernyh sistemah // Izvestiya vuzov. Radioelektronika. 2002. T. 45, ¹ 6. S. 12 – 19.
.
Speed characteristics adaptive rejection filters
D.I.Popov, e-mail: adop@mail.ru
The Ryazan State Radio Engineering University (RSREU), Russia, Ryazan
Keywords: auto-compensation, adaptation, analysis, wobble of the repetition period, Doppler phase, passive interference, rejection filter, speed characteristic.
Abstract
The analysis of the speed characteristics of non-recursive notch filters with full and partial adaptation to the spectral-correlation properties of interference, depending on the size of the training sample for various parameters of the wobble law, is carried out. Non-recursive adaptive notch filters with time-variable complex weight coefficients are considered, which provide the maximum efficiency of passive interference suppression under conditions of a priori parametric uncertainty.
The cumbersomeness of the corresponding algorithms is the reason for the need to simplify them, which leads either to adaptive notch filters with time-variable real weight coefficients, or to notch filters with partial adaptation (autocompensation of the Doppler phase of interference) and a time-variable weight vector optimized in a priori known range of changes in the width of the interference spectrum.
As a result of statistical averaging of the transfer functions, the results for the speed characteristics of these filters are obtained, depending on the volume of the training sample and the parameters of the time structure of the processed samples. The analysis of the speed characteristics of the filters was carried out separately for the cutting zone and the transparency zone, depending on the volume of the training sample, without imposing restrictions on the filter parameters, spectral-correlation properties of interference and parameters of the time structure of the processed samples.
The analysis allows us to conclude that the use of filters during wobbling, which ensure the adaptation of the rejection zone to the spectral-correlation properties of the interference, leads to the elimination of the contradiction between the tasks of ensuring the linearity of the speed characteristics in the transparency zone and achieving high efficiency of passive interference suppression.
References
1. Skolnik M.I. Introduction to Radar System, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. – 862 p.
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4. Radar Handbook / Ed. by M.I. Skolnik. 3rd ed. McGraw–Hill, 2008. 1352 p.
5. Popov D.I. Adaptacija nerekursivnyh rezhektornyh fil'trov // Izvestija vuzov. Radiojelektronika. 2009. vol. 52. no. 4. P. 46-55. (in Russian).
6. Popov D.I. Autocompensation of the Doppler phase of clutter // Cifrovaja obrabotka signalov. 2009. no 2. pp. 30–33. (in Russian).
7. Popov D.I. Adaptive suppression of clutter // Cifrovaja obrabotka signalov. 2014. no. 4. pp. 32-37. (in Russian).
8. Popov D.I. Adaptivnije regektornjie filtrij kaskadnogo tipa // Cifrovaya obrabotka signalov. 2016. no. 2. pp. 53-56. (in Russian).
9. Popov D.I. Adaptive notch filter with real weights // Cifrovaya obrabotka signalov. 2017. no. 1. pp. 22-26. (in Russian).
10. Popov D.I. Optimizacja nerekursivnjih regektornjie filtrov s chastichnoj adaptaciej // Cifrovaya obrabotka signalov. 2018. no. 1. pp. 28-32. (in Russian).
11. Popov D.I. Optimizacija rezhektornyh fil'trov po verojatnostnomu kriteriju // Cifrovaja obrabotka signalov. 2021. no. 1. P. 55-58. (in Russian).
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Improving the accuracy of determining the coordinates of radio emission sources using space-based direction finders
N.A. Alyoshkin, e-mail: ales_nikita@mail.ru
G.V. Kulikov , e-mail: kulikov@mirea.ru
A.O. Slavyanskiy , e-mail: a.slavyanskij@spetzradio.ru
A.V. Shpak , e-mail: a.shpack@spetzradio.ru
Keywords: radio-electronic monitoring, sources of radio emission, precision, onboard information processing, direction finding methods.
Abstract
The most important addition to optical and radar space systems for monitoring the Earth's surface are radio engineering monitoring systems. Their advantages are the ability to monitor land-based, sea-based and air-based objects in any environmental conditions. The article discusses the issues of improving the accuracy of determining the coordinates of radio emission sources, analyzes the methods of direction finding and coordinate determination and evaluation of their potential accuracy characteristics. Ensuring the accuracy of location determination is possible by using a combined angle-difference-rangefinder method, in which, to ensure the unambiguity of measurements, it is necessary to use a set of positional measurements performed at different points of the spacecraft's orbit, as well as the refinement of these data using a direction finder. To implement the difference-rangefinder method in space, a grouping of several spacecraft is necessary, with the help of which an antenna system will be implemented. The results of the analysis of the methods of direction finding and determining the coordinates of sources and evaluating their potential accuracy characteristics are presented. Methods of increasing the accuracy of determining the coordinates of radio emission sources are proposed.
References
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MIMO communication system capacity in the presence of correlated phase noise
A.Yu. Parshin, e-mail: parshin.a.y@rsreu.ru
Yu.N. Parshin, e-mail: parshin.y.n@rsreu.ru
The Ryazan State Radio Engineering University (RSREU), Russia, Ryazan
Keywords: phase noise, fractal Brownian motion, MIMO system, capacity, MIMO channel matrix.
Abstract
To implement MIMO data transmission systems, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the radio wave propagation channel. A time-sequential measurement of the channel matrix by multiplexing SIMO channels is considered. In this case, the phase noise of the transmitter and receiver local oscillators affects the measurement accuracy of the channel matrix. The capacity of communication system in the presence of phase noise based on the fractal Brownian motion model is analised in the article. The capacity analysis was carried out under the assumption of high measurement accuracy of the channel coefficients matrix, as well as in the presence of measurement errors caused by phase noise. Full rank and low rank channel matrices are considered. The obtained results make it possible to justify the requirements for the level of phase noise, as well as for the period of measurements of the channel coefficients matrix.
Testing of the channel matrix in the time-sharing mode is accompanied by significant errors and an increase in the probability of outage, especially when the number of receiving and transmitting antennas is great. It was found that the accuracy of testing of the channel coefficients matrix is significantly affected by the long-term correlation of the phase noise of the transmitter, determined by the Hurst index. Therefore, when designing a MIMO system, it is necessary to use oscillators with a low level of phase noise in the low frequency region, as well as to use PLL systems with highly stable reference oscillators.
References
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2. D. S. Baum, H. Bolcskei, “Information-Theoretic Analysis of MIMO Channel Sounding,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2011, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 7555-7577.
3. D.S. Baum, H. Bolcskei, “Impact of Phase Noise on MIMO Channel Measurement Accuracy,” IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004, DOI: 10.1109/VETECF. 2004.1400307, pp.34-38.
4. V.T. Ermolayev, A.G. Flaksman, I.P. Kovalyov, Averin I.M., “Weight Error Loss in MIMO Systems Using Eigenchannel Technique”, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques (ICATT'03). Sevastopol, Ukraine, 2003, pp. 333-336.
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On increasing the speed of radar targets recognition based on the inter-frequency correlation coefficient
V.G.Bartenev, Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, MIREA - Russian
Technological University, e-mail: vgbart@yandex.ru
G.V.Bartenev, postgraduate student of VNIIRT, e-mail: syntaltechno@mail.ru
Keywords: Recognition of radar signals, inter-frequency correlation coefficient. Probability of correct recognition, maximum likelihood estimation of the inter-frequency correlation coefficient.
Abstract
The problem of recognition of radar targets by their longitudinal size using the inter-frequency correlation coefficient is considered.
To increase the speed of recognition in one radar sweep, it is proposed preliminarily to de-correlate the received signals at each of the carrier frequencies.
The proposed method of increasing the speed of target recognition relates to the digital processing of radar signals. It is shown that the nature of fluctuations of reflected signals at different carrier frequencies can be used to recognize detected objects by their longitudinal size. In particular, this recognition is based on the relationship of the value of the normalized inter-frequency correlation coefficient with the linear dimensions of the object. The larger the object size, the smaller the inter-frequency correlation coefficient.
This method allows effective recognition of objects by an inter-frequency correlation coefficient for independent observations, which leads to the use of received signals from several radar sweeps and large time costs. If we use samples of observations in one sweep, forming an estimate of the inter-frequency coefficient we get a significant decrease in the probability of correct recognition of objects. In order to overcome this disadvantage and increase performance without reducing the efficiency of recognizing objects by their longitudinal size, a method of recognition in one sweep is proposed, in which, prior to forming an estimate of the inter-frequency correlation coefficient, decorrelation of observation samples is performed at each carrier frequency. Decorrelation of observation samples can be performed using a filter with a finite impulse response (FIR filter).
References
1. Bartenev V. Radar object classification using inter frequency correlation coefficient. Report on the International conference RADAR 2016. China, Oct. 2016
2. Bartenev V.G. Patent "Method of radar classification using of an inter-frequency correlation coefficient" No. 2769217, Published: 20.04.2021
3. Bartenev V.G. On some features of the formation of an inter-frequency correlation coefficient // Modern Electronics, 2021. No. 3,
4. Bartenev V.G. Quasi-optimal adaptive algorithms for signal detection // Modern Electronics, 2011. No.2,
5. Bartenev V.G. On the distribution of the evaluation of the correlation coefficient module// Modern Electronics, 2020. No.8,
6. Potemkin V.G. “Handbook of MATLAB” Data analysis and processing. http://matlab.exponenta.ru/ml/book2/chapter8/
Thresholding in multi-frame Detection of a Reflected Radar Signal the Background of Nonstationary Uncorrelated Noise
V.A. Belokurov, e-mail: belokurov.v.a@rsreu.ru
V.I. Koshelev, e-mail: koshelev.v.i@rsreu.ru
The Ryazan State Radio Engineering University (RSREU), Russia, Ryazan
Keywords: multi-frame accumulation, transformation probability density, non-stationary noise.
Abstract
At present, one of the promising ways to increase the range of radar stations is the use of multi-frame accumulation of reflected signals. In this case, the noise parameters are assumed to be constant from survey to survey, in particular, dispersion.
In this article, an algorithm for calculating the detection threshold is developed, which is used for the multi-frame detection algorithm against the background of uncorrelated noise that is non-stationary in variance.
An analytical expression is found for the probability distribution density of a random variable at the input of the multi-frame accumulation algorithm, which is the ratio of a random variable with an exponential distribution law and a random variable with a gamma distribution. It is shown that the distribution density of this random variable does not depend on the noise variance, but depends on the sample size used to estimate the variance.
The effect of the sample size used to estimate the noise variance on the detection characteristics of the intersurvey accumulation of reflected signals is analyzed. It is shown by numerical simulation that with a sample size M greater than 64 samples, the loss in the threshold signal-to-noise ratio does not exceed 0.1 dB compared to the inter-survey accumulation algorithm, in which the value of the noise variance in each survey is known exactly.
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Multirate signal processing in systems data transmission
V.V. Vityazev, e-mail: vityazev.v.v@rsreu.ru
P.B. Nikishkin, e-mail: nikishkin.p.b@tor.rseru.ru
The Ryazan State Radio Engineering University (RSREU), Russia, Ryazan
Keywords: filter banks, OFDM, F-OFDM, RB-F-OFDM, data transmission, broadband, combine approach, spectral efficiency, adaptation, noise reduction, AWGN.
Abstract
Multi-rate signal processing involves changing the sampling frequency (decrease or increase) during the conversion of digital signals and, as a result, changing the required processing speed. This leads to more efficient signal processing, as it opens up the possibility of significantly reducing the required computational performance of the designed digital system. In this paper provides an overview of our works in the field of application of multi-rate signal processing for the construction of broadband data transmission systems based on banks of digital bandpass filters and OFDM technology published over the past ten years.
The first cycle of work was aimed at building digital subsystems of signal analysis and synthesis in relation to telecommunications systems and was associated with the development of converters of the type of channel compaction – transmultiplexers. The subsequent development of the theory of multi-rate signal processing contributed to rapid progress in the development of new computationally efficient methods of analysis/synthesis signals using multi-stage pyramidal structures, a polyphase form of implementation and the FFT algorithm.
Broadband communication systems with many carriers, as an alternative to the classic OFDM, have become a new stage in the development and application of methods and algorithms for signal analysis/synthesis. At the same time, in some areas, such as cognitive radio, wireless transmission systems with multi–user access on the "mobile subscriber - base station" line, OFDM technology is difficult to implement due to synchronization problems. In these and other applications, the use of FBMC technology (banks of filters with many carriers) provides the best solution in terms of spectral and energy efficiency. Since the transition from classical OFDM to FBMC technology leads to a significant increase in computational costs, all the attention of researchers and developers was connected with the search for new more computationally efficient FBMC methods and algorithms – the construction of banks of digital bandpass filters.
Therefore, subsequent research was carried out in the field of combining OFDM and FBMC technology.
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Evaluation of the efficiency of the 1967VN028 processor of JSC "ICC Milandr" in the processing of radar signals by the MOS module
D.A. Dvoryankov1, e-mail: dvoryankov.d.a@mail.ru
S.V. Vityazev1, e-mail: vityazev.s.v@tor.rsreu.ru
U.A. Rybakov2,
N.A. Andreev2,
V.V. Vityazev1, e-mail: vityazev.v.v@rsreu.ru
1The Ryazan State Radio Engineering University (RSREU), Russia, Ryazan
2JSC "Ryazan State Instrument Plant"
Keywords: digital signal processor, radar signal processing, signal processing implementation, 1967VN028.
Abstract
This work is devoted to the implementation of one of the typical algorithms of radar signal processing – optimal linear frequency modulated pulse reception – on the 1967VN028 processor manufactured by JSC "ICC "Milandr" and the digital signal processing module manufactured by JSC "State Ryazan Instrument Plant". The description of the algorithm, processor and module is given. The functions implementing the algorithm are optimized. The data on the implementation time of all processing stages are given. The results obtained are compared with known solutions. The purpose of the work is to demonstrate the efficiency of processors and modules of domestic production for solving typical radar tasks.
The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the operability and efficiency of the 1967VN028 processor and DSP modules based on it, as well as the possibility of replacing TigerSHARC processors from Analog Devices with 1967VN028 processors. The results show that 1967VN028 meets the stated specifications and demonstrates computational efficiency similar to the ADSP-TS201 at a lower clock frequency. This can be achieved thanks to a two times greater number of parallel multiply-accumulate operations. The module demonstrated high efficiency on the presented control task of processing probing pulses.
References
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3. Bobrov D.Yu., Dobrozhanskij A.P., Zajcev G.V., Malikov Yu.V., Cypin I.B. Cifrovaya obrabotka signalov v MRLS. Chast 3 // Cifrovaya obrabotka signalov. 2002. ¹ 2. pp. 42-50.
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7. Specification for 1967VN028. JSC "ICC "Milandr". 2021. https://ic.milandr.ru/upload/iblock/556/g5zyamzsnf6h8c1jmare6avuyds0ov2h/1967%D0%92%D0%9D028.pdf.
8. Programming Manual for 1967VN028 and 1967VN044. JSC "ICC "Milandr". 2021. https://ic.milandr.ru/upload/iblock/77f/77fac90e79704374aaccc4b44f3244d6.pdf.
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11. Vityazev S.V. Cifrovye processory obrabotki signalov. Kurs lekcij. M.: Goryachaya liniya - Telekom, 2017. - 100 p.
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