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“Digital
Signal Processing” No. 2-2024 |
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Digital adaptive antenna array for receiving useful signals under thermal noise
Djigan V.I., e-mail: djigan@ippm.ru
Institute for design problems in microelectronics of Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russia
Keywords: adaptive antenna array, radiation pattern, matched filter, recursive least squares, mean squared error, signal source angular location tracking.
Abstract
This paper presents an adaptive antenna array (AAA). To calculate its weights, the recursive algorithms based on the least squares criterion are used. The AAA informational (desired) signal is a periodic pseudo-random sequence hidden by the noise of the array channel receivers. Such sequences are often used in the modern radar, navigation and communications systems. The matched filters (MF) or the correlators are used to process the signals in the AAA channels, which makes it possible to use the adaptive algorithms based on the least squares criterion to calculate its weighs. The output signals of the MF are the samples of the functions of the cross-correlation of the AAA channel signals and a pseudo-random sequence. The algorithm for calculation the weighs of the AAA processes the periodic samples of the maximal values of the output signals of the MF and processes the error signal between the output and the desired signals of the AAA. The required signal is also generated using the samples of the maximal values of the autocorrelation function of the pseudo-random sequence. The calculation of the AAP weights is carried out using a based on the least squares criterion matrix inversion lemma recursive algorithm and its two computationally efficient modifications. Simulation shows that the AAA is able to suppress the interfering signals and simultaneously it is able to track the angular position of the information signal source, even if this position is initially unknown. This allows the AAA to be used to receive a signal from a moving source in the presence of the interfering signals.
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Analysis of the movement of groups of objects based on phase energy spectrum of the video sequence
S.V. Vasilyev, e-mail: stanislav-vas1986@mail.ru
A.V. Bogoslovsky, e-mail: p-digim@mail.ru
I.V. Zhigulina, e-mail: ira_zhigulina@mail.ru
MESC AF «N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy», Russia, Voronezh
Keywords: phase energy function, point object, motion identification, group motion.
Abstract
Detecting moving objects and determining the parameters of their movement, especially in the case of simultaneous movement of several objects in different directions, is a difficult task. In many cases, it must be solved jointly by various methods in order to eliminate errors both in object detection and in determining motion characteristics. One of these methods may be the use of a phase-energy spectrum, combining the advantages of the energy and phase-frequency spatial spectra of the video signal. This vector function is generated by the image frame, its arguments are spatial frequencies.
All the information contained in it is concentrated in the amplitudes of spatial harmonics and phase energy characteristics. They, in turn, represent a discrete vector field. To determine the motion and find its parameters, it is necessary to have at least two frames. The difference in the phase-energy characteristics of two image frames are called phase-energy functions.
The article considers the features of the formation of phase-energy functions of a video sequence in the presence of a moving small-sized object. The regions of two-dimensional phases are highlighted, which make it possible to analyze these functions at any position and direction of movement of the object. A method for analyzing phase-energy functions for the case of motion of a group of point objects is proposed.
References
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Spike model of signals and its application to spectral analysis
Bondarev V.N., e-mail: bondarev@sevsu.ru
Sevastopol State University
Keywords: spike signal representation, spiking neural networks, integrate and fire spiking neuron, spectral analysis.
Abstract
Algorithms for processing signals represented by a sequence of impulses (spikes) formed by IAF neurons (Integrate-and-Fire) of spiking neural networks are considered. The input-output relationship of the IAF neuron is analyzed and a spike model for representing input signals is proposed. Two options for using this model for spectral analysis are discussed. The first option proposes an algorithm that calculates the coefficients of the Fourier series based on the direct conversion of the analyzed signal into a sequence of spikes. In the second option, called inverse coding, the basis functions of the Fourier series are converted into impulse form. A new algorithm for calculating spectral coefficients is proposed, which reduces to summing the samples of the analyzed signal at the time points corresponding to the appearance of spikes. The main advantage of the algorithms under consideration is their low complexity and the ability to be implemented on computers with limited resources by eliminating multiplication operations. An additional positive property of the algorithms is the absence of the aliasing effect during digital processing due to the irregularity of signal samples. The algorithms are focused on application in Internet of Things systems, Edge Artificial Intelligence, mobile computing and other areas.
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Research of sequences for the formation of a synchro signal of the PSS for the frame of a low-orbit satellite communication and data transmission system
K.Yu. Ryumshin, T.P.Kiseleva, e-mail: golzev2011@yandex.ru
the Department of radio systems of the Moscow technical University of communication and Informatics (MTUCI), Russian Federation, Moscow
Keywords: autocorrelation function (ACF), synchronization, m-sequences, DPSK modulation, multiphase sequences of Zadoff-Chu (ZC), Frank, merit-factor (MF), satellite system communication, primary synchronization signal (PSS), Signal–to-Noise-Ratio (SNR).
Abstract
The article considers the frame of the low-orbit DownLink (DL) satellite communication system in the direction from the satellite base station (BS) to the user on Earth, built similarly to the frame of LTE DL cellular communication technology with a synchronization system based on primary (Primary synchronization signal - PSS) and secondary (Secondary synchronization signal - SSS) synchrosignals in the frame of the direction DL. In the low-orbit satellite systems PSS is built on 8 identical m-sequences modulated by DPSK (differential phase-shift keying manipulation) with a phase shift of pi/2. When using correlation synchronization methods in the time domain, the PSS correlation function forms a yielding sharp 11 peaks at the beginning of each frame. This article examines the correlation characteristics when constructing PSS on elements of CAZAC sequences (Constant Amplitude Zero AutoCorrelation) with delta-autocorrelation (Frank and Zadoff-Chu sequences studied in this paper) in comparison with DPSK modulated m–sequences used in PSS of a low-orbit system. The research criteria are a comparison of the values of the merit-factors of the sequences under consideration (m-sequences and CAZAC sequences). The study was conducted in the MATLAB mathematical modeling environment using Rayleigh and Gaussian channel models at various values of the Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR). As a result of the research, it was found that Frank's sequences, in general, surpass the DPSK modulated m-sequences used in the PSS of the system under consideration in terms of correlation characteristics. The disadvantage of Frank's sequences is the difficulty in selecting sequences of the desired length.
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Development of a mathematical model of a laser triangulation rangefinder with a structured light and a low-resolution camera
E.S. Shtrunova, e-mail: shtrunova.e.s @rsreu.ru
Ryazan State Radio Engineering University, Russia, Ryazan
Keywords: triangulation laser rangefinder, structured multi-beam laser light, photogrammetry camera calibration, sub-pixel accuracy, distortion.
Abstract
The article considers the problem of developing a mathematical model of laser beam reflections from objects of the observed scene, received by the photosensitive element of a laser triangulation rangefinder. Analytical expressions for the mathematical model of a laser triangulation rangefinder with structured multi-beam point illumination, as well as an algorithm for simulating images of illumination markers are given.
The developed model ensures subpixel accuracy of the of illumination marker glow centers forming, takes into account the law of brightness distribution when projecting structured illumination beams onto an object at different angles; parameters of the optical system of the camera; change in the angular dimensions of the illumination markers observed by the optical system with a change in range; speckle noise characteristic of laser reflections from non-mirror surfaces. To study the degree of compliance of the developed model with real data, a semi-natural experiment was performed using a prototype of a laser triangulation rangefinder with multi-beam illumination, consisting of a recording webcam Defender C - 2525HD (video stream - 640x480@30Hz) and a laser spotlight of continuous radiation at a wavelength of lambda = 630 nm with a two dimensional diffraction grating.
Analysis of the experimental results showed that when irradiating an object with a diffuse nature of reflections from its surface, taking into account in the mathematical model the distortion of the optical system of the recording camera and the influence of the range on the angular dimensions of the observed illumination markers for a low-resolution camera (0.3 Mp) with angular dimensions of the field of view of about 40ox30o makes it possible to reduce the root-mean-square error in the position of the centers of the images of the illumination markers to 40%, and the absolute error - up to 1.9 times compared to the known modeling method.
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Application of harmonic wavelet transform to OFDM signal processing in a non-stationary radio channel
V.V. Egorov, e-mail: rimr500@mail.ru
D.M. Klionskiy, e-mail: klio2003@list.ru
State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Russia, Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, Russia, Saint Petersburg
Keywords: OFDM signal, harmonic wavelet transform, wavelet coefficients, information signal, signal seg-mentation, temporal synchronization, non-stationary radio channel, time-frequency diagram of a signal, information transmission rate.
Abstract
The present paper discusses some issues of OFDM-signal processing during its transmission via a non-stationary radio channel. We also consider temporal synchronization for OFDM signals. Mathematical models of the considered information signals are introduced. In order to extract the boundaries of orthogonal intervals at the reception side we suggest a technique based on the application of the harmonic wavelet transform and wavelet coefficient analysis. Due to the features of the signals under study and also features of harmonic wavelets, isolation of orthogonal interval boundaries is reached with the maximum possible accuracy. Application of harmonic wavelets to OFDM-signal processing allows us to increase information transition rate by 20-30%.
The paper consists of several sections and below you can find the brief contents of each one:
1. We introduce mathematical models of information OFDM-signals in the field of information transmission via a non-stationary radio channel;
2. Features of the information signals under study are described and a time-frequency diagram of an information signal is represented;
3. The main mathematical formulas for the wavelet transform in the basis of harmonic wavelets are provided. We show that information transmission rate in the case of using harmonic wavelets for OFDM signal processing is increased by 20-30 %;
4. A new technique of extracting orthogonal interval boundaries is suggested based on the harmonic wavelet transform and analysis of the calculated wavelet coefficients;
5. Results and advantages of the suggested technique are illustrated by means of a computational experiment.
References
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An algorithm for complex processing of information about the temperature profile in the airfield area
Bolelov E.A., e-mail: edbolelov@mail.ru
Vasiliev O.V., e-mail: vas_ov@mail.ru
Galaeva K.I., e-mail: ks.galaeva@mail.ru
Boyarenko E.C., e-mail: boyarenko.elvira@mail.ru
The Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (MSTU CA), Russian Federation, Moscow
Keywords: data of temperature profile, algorithm for complex processing, safety of aircraft flights, temperature inversion, the methods of the Markov theory of optimal aggregation.
Abstract
This article presents mathematical models of the output data of temperature profile meters in the airfield area and an algorithm for complex processing of temperature profile information. Reliable information about the temperature profile in the airfield area is extremely important for ensuring the safety of aircraft flights, forecasting dangerous weather events in the airfield area, in particular, icing, fog, temperature inversion. In addition, reliable measurements of the temperature profile ensure that the value of the zero isotherm is determined in the output to the meteorological radar complex "Monocle" to identify the degree of danger of meteorological formations.
Existing temperature meters at the airfield either do not have sufficient measurement accuracy and may miss emerging temperature profile anomalies or do not measure the temperature profile, but measure the air temperature at the earth's surface. Using an integrated approach to assessing the temperature profile in conjunction with the use of a promising radiosonding system based on unmanned systems, it is possible to achieve the required accuracy of measuring the temperature profile in the airfield area.
The basis for solving the problem of developing an algorithm for complex processing of information about the temperature profile are the methods of the Markov theory of optimal aggregation. The article provides an assessment of the quality of the obtained algorithm for complex processing of information about the temperature profile.
The results of modeling the algorithm for complex processing of temperature profile information showed that under normal operating conditions of the temperature profiler and the airfield radiosonde system, complex processing of temperature profile information in the airfield area allows reducing the negative effect of unreliable temperature profiler measurements and, thereby, increasing flight safety during takeoff and landing of aircraft. In the absence of temperature measurements from the airfield radiosonde system, the accuracy of temperature profile measurement will be determined only by the technical characteristics of the temperature profiler and the quality of its calibration.
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